一、什么是活性炭?
活性炭是一種含碳材料制成的外觀呈黑色,內部孔隙結構發達,比表面積大、吸附能力強的一類微晶質碳素材料,是一種常用的吸附劑、催化劑或催化劑載體。活性炭按原料來源可分為:木質活性炭、果殼活性炭、獸骨/血活性炭、礦物原料活性炭、合成樹脂活性炭、橡膠/塑料活性炭、再生活性炭等;活性炭按外觀形態可分為:粉狀、顆粒狀、不規則顆粒狀、圓柱形、球形和纖維狀等。活性炭的應用極其廣泛,其用途幾乎涉及所有的國民經濟部門和人們日常生活,如水質凈化、黃金提取、糖液脫色、藥品針劑提煉、血液凈化、空氣凈化、人體安全防護等。
二(er)、活性炭的成分(fen)及(ji)制作(zuo)
活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)是經過(guo)(guo)加工處(chu)理(li)所得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無定(ding)形碳,具有(you)(you)(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積,對氣(qi)體、溶液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無機(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)質及膠(jiao)體顆粒等都有(you)(you)(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)能力(li)(li)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)主(zhu)要包括(kuo)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(AcTIvated Carbon , A C )和(he)(he)(he)(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖維(wei)(AcTIvated Carbon Fibers, ACF )等。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)作(zuo)為(wei)一種性(xing)能優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)劑,主(zhu)要是由于其具有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)結構特(te)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)化(hua)(hua)學性(xing)能所決(jue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學性(xing)質穩定(ding),機(ji)(ji)(ji)械強度高(gao),耐(nai)酸、耐(nai)堿(jian)、耐(nai)熱,不溶于水與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)溶劑,可以再生(sheng)使用(yong)(yong),已經廣(guang)泛(fan)地(di)應用(yong)(yong)于化(hua)(hua)工、環保、食品(pin)加工、冶金、藥物(wu)(wu)精(jing)制(zhi)、軍(jun)事化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)護等各個領域 。目前(qian),改性(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)被廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)、大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)等領域,在治(zhi)理(li)環境污(wu)染(ran)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)越來越顯(xian)示(shi)出其誘(you)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美好(hao)前(qian)景。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)80%-90%以上由碳元素組成(cheng)(cheng),這(zhe)也是活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)為(wei)疏水性(xing)吸(xi)附(fu)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。除了碳元素外(wai),還包含有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)類摻(chan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu):一類是化(hua)(hua)學結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元素,主(zhu)要是氧(yang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)氫,這(zhe)些元素是由于未完全炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)而殘留在炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong),或(huo)者在活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),外(wai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非碳元素與(yu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)化(hua)(hua)學結合,如用(yong)(yong)水蒸氣(qi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)時,活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)被氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)或(huo)水蒸氣(qi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua);另(ling)一類摻(chan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)是灰(hui)分,它是活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無機(ji)(ji)(ji)部分。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料(liao)幾乎可以是所有(you)(you)(you)(you)富(fu)含碳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao),如煤、木材(cai)(cai)、果殼(ke)(ke)、椰(ye)殼(ke)(ke)、核桃(tao)殼(ke)(ke)、杏(xing)殼(ke)(ke)、棗殼(ke)(ke)等。這(zhe)些含碳材(cai)(cai)料(liao)在活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)爐中(zhong)(zhong),在高(gao)溫和(he)(he)(he)(he)一定(ding)壓力(li)(li)下通(tong)過(guo)(guo)熱解(jie)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)被轉換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)。在此活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積和(he)(he)(he)(he)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)隙結構逐漸形成(cheng)(cheng), 而所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)過(guo)(guo)程正是在這(zhe)些孔(kong)(kong)隙中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)孔(kong)(kong)隙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小對吸(xi)附(fu)質有(you)(you)(you)(you)選擇吸(xi)附(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),這(zhe)是由于大(da)分子不能進入比它孔(kong)(kong)隙小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)孔(kong)(kong)徑內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故(gu)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)是由含炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質作(zuo)原料(liao),經高(gao)溫炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)制(zhi)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疏水性(xing)吸(xi)附(fu)劑。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)微孔(kong)(kong),具有(you)(you)(you)(you)巨(ju)大(da)無比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積,能有(you)(you)(you)(you)效地(di)去(qu)除色度、臭(chou)味,可去(qu)除二級出水中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)多數有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)某(mou)些無機(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu),包含某(mou)些有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)金屬。
三、活性炭的原理
1、過濾原理
活性炭過濾器是將水中懸浮狀態的污染物進行截留的過程,被截留的懸浮物充塞于活性炭間的空隙。濾層孔隙尺度以及孔隙率的大小,隨活性炭料粒度的加大而增大。即活性炭粒度越粗,可容納懸浮物的空間越大。其表現為過濾能力增強,納污能力增加,截污量增大。同時,活性炭濾層孔隙越大,水中懸浮物越能被更深地輸送至下一層活性炭濾層,在有足夠保護厚度的條件下,懸浮物可以更多地被截留,使中下層濾層更好地發揮截留作用,機組截污量增加。從嚴格的理論上講,活性炭所具有的對懸浮物的截留能力來自活性炭所提供的表面積。流速低時,機組的過濾能力主要地來自活性炭的篩除作用,而流速快時,過濾能力來自活性炭顆粒表面的吸附作用,在過濾過程中活性炭所提供的顆粒表面積越大,對水中懸浮物的附著力越強。
2、吸附原理
根據(ju)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,可將吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為兩(liang)大(da)(da)(da)類(lei)(lei):物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(又(you)稱(cheng)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu))。在(zai)(zai)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)過程(cheng)中(zhong),當(dang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)德華力(li)(li)(或靜(jing)電引力(li)(li))時(shi)稱(cheng)為物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu);當(dang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen) 子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)鍵時(shi)稱(cheng)為化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)主(zhu)要與(yu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)關,與(yu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基本無關。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)范(fan)(fan)德華力(li)(li)較(jiao)弱(ruo),對污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)影(ying)響不大(da)(da)(da),這種(zhong)力(li)(li)與(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)間(jian)內(nei)聚力(li)(li)一(yi)樣(yang),故(gu)可把物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)類(lei)(lei)比為凝聚現象。物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)時(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仍(reng)然保(bao)持不變(bian)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)鍵強(qiang)(qiang),對污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)影(ying)響較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da),故(gu)可把化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)看做化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)反(fan)應,是(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與(yu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)間(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)包(bao)含電子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對共(gong)享或電子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)移,而(er)不是(shi)(shi)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微擾(rao)或弱(ruo)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),是(shi)(shi)不可逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)反(fan)應過程(cheng)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本區別(bie)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)產生(sheng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)過程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)(bei)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)到固(gu)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由能(neng)(neng)(neng)會降低,因此(ci)(ci),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)過程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)放(fang)熱(re)過程(cheng),所放(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)稱(cheng)為該(gai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)固(gu)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)熱(re)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)不同,它們(men)在(zai)(zai)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)熱(re)、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)速率、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)溫度(du)、選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)層數和(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)光譜等(deng)方面(mian)(mian)表(biao)(biao)現出(chu)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)技(ji)術在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)醫(yi)藥(yao)、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工和(he)食品等(deng)工業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精制和(he)脫色已有(you)(you)多年(nian)歷史。20世紀70年(nian)代開(kai)始用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)工業廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)。生(sheng)產實踐表(biao)(biao)明(ming),活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)對水(shui)中(zhong)微量(liang)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具有(you)(you)卓越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing),它對紡織印染(ran)(ran)(ran)、染(ran)(ran)(ran)料化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工、食品加(jia)工和(he)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工等(deng)工業廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)都有(you)(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)效果。一(yi)般(ban)(ban)情況下,對廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)以(yi)BOD、COD等(deng)綜(zong)合指(zhi)標(biao)表(biao)(biao)示的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),如合成(cheng)染(ran)(ran)(ran)料、表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、酚類(lei)(lei)、苯類(lei)(lei)、有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)氯、農藥(yao)和(he)石油化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工產品等(deng),都有(you)(you)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去除能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。所以(yi),活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)法(fa)已逐步成(cheng)為工業廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)二級或三級處理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要方法(fa)之(zhi)一(yi)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)著(zhu)在(zai)(zai)另一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩慢作用(yong)(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)界面(mian)(mian)現象,其與(yu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)、表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)關。引起吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推動能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)有(you)(you)兩(liang)種(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)溶劑(ji)水(shui)對疏水(shui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排斥力(li)(li),另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)固(gu)體(ti)對溶質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親和(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)引力(li)(li)。廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),多數是(shi)(shi)這兩(liang)種(zhong)力(li)(li)綜(zong)合作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)積和(he)孔(kong)隙(xi)結構(gou)直接(jie)影(ying)響其吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li),在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)時(shi),應根據(ju)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通過試(shi)驗確(que)定(ding)(ding)。對印染(ran)(ran)(ran)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)宜選(xuan)擇過渡孔(kong)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)種(zhong)。此(ci)(ci)外,灰(hui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)也有(you)(you)影(ying)響,灰(hui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)好(hao);吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)與(yu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)孔(kong)隙(xi)直徑愈(yu)(yu)(yu)接(jie)近,愈(yu)(yu)(yu)容易被(bei)(bei)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu);吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濃度(du)對活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)量(liang)也有(you)(you)影(ying)響。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)濃度(du)范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)隨吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濃度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增大(da)(da)(da)而(er)增加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。另外,水(shui)溫和(he)pH值也有(you)(you)影(ying)響。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)量(liang)隨水(shui)溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升高而(er)減少(shao)。
四、活性炭的分類
1、按原(yuan)料來源(yuan)分:1、木質(zhi)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)2、獸骨/血(xue)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)3、礦物質(zhi)原(yuan)料活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)4、其它原(yuan)料的活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)5、再生活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)
2、按(an)制造(zao)方法分:1、化(hua)學法活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)(化(hua)學炭(tan))2、物理(li)法活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)(物理(li)炭(tan))3、化(hua)學–物理(li)法或(huo)物理(li)–化(hua)學法活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)
3、按外(wai)觀(guan)形(xing)(xing)狀分:1、粉狀活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭2、顆粒(li)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭3、不定(ding)型(xing)顆料(liao)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭4、圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭5、球形(xing)(xing)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭6、其它(ta)形(xing)(xing)狀的活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭
4、按孔徑分(fen):1、大孔:孔徑》1000A°2、過渡孔:孔徑20 ~1000A°3、微孔:孔徑《 20A°活性(xing)炭的表面積主要(yao)是由微孔提供的,
5、按(an)材質(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)類:1、種類:原(yuan)料(liao)2、木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan):以(yi)木(mu)屑、木(mu)炭(tan)等(deng)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)3、果殼(ke)(ke)(ke)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan):以(yi)椰(ye)子殼(ke)(ke)(ke)、核桃殼(ke)(ke)(ke)、杏核殼(ke)(ke)(ke)等(deng)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan) 煤(mei)質(zhi)(zhi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan) 以(yi)褐煤(mei)、泥(ni)煤(mei)、煙煤(mei)、無煙煤(mei)等(deng)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan) 石油(you)類活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan) 例(li)如(ru)以(yi)瀝青等(deng)為(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)瀝青基球狀(zhuang)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan) 再生炭(tan) 以(yi)用過的(de)廢炭(tan)為(wei)原(yuan)料(liao),進(jin)行再活(huo)(huo)化處理的(de)再生活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。
注:選用優質木炭和木屑為原料,采用物理法和化學法精制而成。產品為黑色粉末狀,無毒無味,孔隙發達,不含對水質有不良影響的水中溶解物。具有吸附能力強、脫色效果佳、過濾速度快等優點。能有效吸附液相中大小分子結構不良物質,廣泛應用于生活污水、化工污水、醫用污水及城市污水等各種類型的污水,特別是對污水的脫色、除味,降COD等有絕佳的效果。